I like your idea, in concept, but it would be extremely hard to implement in reality. The literature would be the easiest, as we could just transmit some classic books, but emotions would be too hard. How do you teach anyone emotion? The closest you can do is to tell them a number of emotions and situations when they come into effect, but that would probably cause more confusion than anyhting, because of all the grey areas. The probes are developing the concept and use of emotions on their own, much like a normal human child does, they just need some time. Remember, they are a little more than a year old.
As for teaching them a religion, I'd be completely against this concept. Religion must bee something one belives in, and understands why they do so. It must be accepted on faith, without solid explanations. Anyone who worships something simply because they were told to, and has never considered that it might not be true is missing the greater purposes and benefits of religion. I know there are many who would disagree with this, please don't discuss it here. I would be more than happy to discuss it on another forum (i.e. email, irc, even the Messhall if that offends no one).
My key point is that the probes would probably believe whatever we told them, and just take it at face value. Religion cannot be taken at face value, it must be understood and felt, or else it is not there.
Hamlet
p.s. If I have offended anyone, I apologize in advance, please email me and let me know your views; I will be very happy to listen and think about what you have to say. I might agree, but I promise to at least think about it.